New insights into Canis familiaris papillomaviruses genetics and biology: Is the genetic characterization of CPV types and their variants an important clinical issue?

Canis familiaris papillomavirus (CPV) is a member of the Papillomaviridae family and is found in dogs. After infection, the host can remain asymtomatic or develop benign ephitelial neoplasms such as papillomas and pigmented viral plaques, which can progress to cancer, in the form of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In humans, 227 types of human papillomavirus (HPV) have been described, with a well-established risk classification for cancer development. In addition, it is also known that variants of some high-risk HPV types may present different risks in respect of SCC development. In dogs, however, only a few types of CPV have been identified, despite the growing interest in this area, and knowledge on the genetic characterization of CPV variants is still scarce. Recent studies of CPV have shown that, as with HPV, benign neoplasia can develop into cancer, but it is believed that there are many more types and variants still to be described. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the genetics and biology of CPV, with the focus on what is known about lesions, geographic localization, virus types and variants.

Prevalence and maternal risk factors of congenital malformations in newborns from Sergipe, Northeastern Brazil / Prevalência e fatores de risco maternos de malformações congênitas em recém-nascidos de Sergipe, Nordeste do Brasil

INTRODUCTION: Due to the importance of infant death caused by congenital malformations worldwide, more studies are necessary to determine the prevalence of these disorders serving as the basis for more effective control measures. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and evaluate maternal risk factors for congenital malformations in newborns. METHODS: A cross-sectional and retrospective study was performed in the reference maternity hospital for high-risk pregnancies in the state of Sergipe, northeastern Brazil. Data were collected from the medical records and declarations of live births of 16,518 births between January 2014 and December 2016, being included children with identified congenital malformations. Data were analyzed using the odds ratio, chisquare, and Fisher's exact test with p<0.05. RESULTS: The study population was composed of 369 newborns with congenital malformations, which corresponds to 2.23% of total births. 53.9% were male, 47.9% had low birth weight and, 52.5% had adequate Apgar score. Anomalies affecting the musculoskeletal system were the most prevalent (30.9%), with polydactyly being the most frequent (53.5%). The number of prenatal consultations, education, and gestational age were the main observed maternal risk factors of congenital malformations. Anomalies of the circulatory system (OR=3.2 CI95% 1.3-7.84), multiple malformations (OR=9.24 CI95% 3.07-27.83), and chromosomal syndromes (OR=2.72 CI95% 1.48-5.01) were the most commonly associated with newborn deaths. CONCLUSION: The study presents the prevalence and risk factors related to malformations in the state of Sergipe, and improvements on maternal care and socioeconomic variables are important to decrease the number of malformations cases in Brazil.

INTRODUÇÃO: Devido à importância mundial relacionada à morte infantil causada por malformações congênitas, mais estudos são necessários para conhecer a prevalência destas enfermidades servindo de base para medidas de controle mais efetivos. OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência e avaliar fatores de risco materno para malformações congênitas em recém-nascidos. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal e retrospectivo na maternidade de referência para gestação de alto risco do estado de Sergipe, Nordeste do Brasil. Os dados foram coletados a partir dos prontuários médicos e declarações de nascido-vivo de 16.518 recém-nascidos entre janeiro de 2014 e dezembro de 2016, sendo incluídos aqueles com malformações congênitas identificadas. Foram utilizados razão de possibilidades, teste de qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher, com p<0,05. RESULTADOS: A população estudada foi composta por 369 recém-nascidos, que corresponde a 2,23% do total de nascimentos, 53,9% do sexo masculino, 47,9% com baixo peso ao nascer e 52,5% com Apgar adequado. Anomalias do sistema musculoesquelético foram as mais prevalentes (30,9%), tendo a polidactilia como a mais frequente (53,5%). O número de consultas de pré-natal, escolaridade e idade gestacional foram os principais fatores de risco maternos observados para as malformações congênitas. As anomalias do sistema circulatório (OR=3,2 IC95% 1,3-7,84), múltiplas malformações (OR=9,24 IC95% 3,07-27,83) e síndromes cromossômicas (OR=2,72 IC95% 1,48-5,01) foram as mais associadas com mortes dos recém-nascidos. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo apresenta a prevalência e os fatores de risco relacionados às malformações no estado de Sergipe, e melhorias no cuidado materno e nas variáveis socioeconômicas são importantes para diminuir o número de casos de malformações no Brasil.